Bronze Age hoard found on 16th c. battlefield in Hungary

Ancient

A Bronze Age vessel containing a two large metal spirals has been unearthed at the 16th century battlefield of Mezőkeresztes in Hungary. This is the first time a Bronze Age vessel hoard in the Borsod region has been found in its original archaeological context and professionally excavated with modern methodologies.

A team of archaeologists and volunteers were investigating the field where the Ottoman and Habsburg armies clashed October 22-26, 1596, looking for material remains of the battle when one of the volunteer metal detectorists got a signal alerting to metal under the surface. The subsequent excavation uncovered a large bronze bowl with two spiral ornaments inside. Based on the shape of the vessel and spirals, archaeologists date the three objects to the Late Bronze Age, between the 13th and the 11th centuries B.C., more than 2,500 years before the Battle of Mezőkeresztes.

To preserve any organic fragments, even ones so small they can’t be seen with the naked eye, archaeologists removed the entire bowl, still filled with soil for micro-excavation in laboratory conditions. Once the contents have been removed, scientists will be able to analyze the interior of the bowl for any traces of substances it once contained, food or beverages, for example.

Metal burials like these are well-known in Bronze Age Europe. They vary in size and object type, and there is as yet no consensus on whether they were intentionally placed, perhaps as part of a religious ritual, or buried for safekeeping or for some other purpose. Discovering an assemblage undisturbed in its original context, therefore, may provide crucial clues as to why the bowl and spirals were buried there.

2,300-year-old possible priestess tomb found in southern Italy

Ancient

Archaeologists have discovered the 2,300-year-old tomb of a possible priestess of Demeter in Manduria, a town in Apulia inside the heel of Italy’s boot. It contains two inscriptions, one carved, one painted, in the pre-Roman, non-Italic Messapic language and decorative iconography related to the cult of Demeter.

The tomb was found in the ancient necropolis of Manduria in the Mura Messapiche Archaeological Park. Tomb 17 was carved into the bedrock, the opening originally sealed with three massive stone slabs. The carved inscription is spread over the three stone slabs that originally sealed the tomb. Epigraphers have identified the name of a woman, her father’s name, and the word “thabara,” in this context a priestly title. The inscription is evidence that the tomb belonged to a woman from a prominent family who held a significant religious role in the community.

The second inscription is painted on the inner side of one of the sealing slabs. It consists of four lines of texts that again include the word “thabara” and a name that has been interpreted as “Damatrioas,” a possible reference to Demeter, Greek goddess of harvest and agriculture. The inscription combining the priestly title with the name of the goddess is what suggests the deceased may have been a priestess of Demeter.

The tomb also contains exceptional pictorial decorations, with meander pattern on the upper part of the stone slabs, a temple key and a thymiaterion (a vessel used to burn incense). It had been looted in antiquity, so only a few grave goods remain. They include bronze fibulae, a silver finger ring with a snake motif, a silver coin minted in Taranto and an unknown iron object. Osteological remains are sparse and fragmentary, damaged by looters and acidic soil conditions.

There are only about 600 surviving Messapic inscriptions. The language went extinct after the Roman conquest of southern Italy in the Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.) so any new discoveries are of great archaeological significance. These inscriptions hold additional significance as the role of women in Messapian religion is an open question. If the preliminary interpretations of the inscriptions are confirmed, Tomb 17 will provide important new insights into women’s religious positions and how Greek cults evolved in southern Italy.

Archaeologists will continue to study and analyze the inscriptions from Tomb 17. In additional to further epigraphic study, the tomb’s decorations will be conserved and the grave goods examined.

Silver medallion for dog hero sells at auction

Modern(ish)

A Late Victorian medallion presented to a poodle named Zulu by an insurance company for his heroic efforts during a house fire has sold at a Woolley & Wallis auction in Salisbury. The pre-sale estimate was £400 – £600 ($536 – $804). It sold for £762 ($1,021).

The little black poodle named Zulu barked when a fire broke out at the Glasgow home of Mr. Montague W.Baird, drawing attention to the fire when it still small enough to control. It was the night of December 26th, 1897, the Feast of Stephen, and the insurance company was so grateful for his decisive action in saving them from a really big bill they gave him a medal.

The medallion is sterling silver, topped with a pierced ribbon finial. On the front is a handsome enamel black poodle in the center with an inscription below that reads: “Presented to ‘Zulu’ by Alliance Assurance Company For Services Rendered 26th Dec 1897.” On the reverse is the crest of Alliance Assurance: a castle on a hill with a banner bearing the logo “Multi societate tutiores,” meaning “safer together in a group.”

The lot comes with 13 original letters by Mr. Baird and the insurance company representatives.

Stuart Lawrey, the secretary of the Assurance Company, wrote to Baird on February 2, 1898:

“With reference to our recent conversation, we beg to state that we have made further inquiries into the matter and we are overbound to admit the indebtedness of the company to your black poodle, Zulu, for his behavior on the occasion of the recent fire in your dwelling house. Without doubt, the dog exhibited exceptional sagacity in his persistent and successful endeavor to call the attention of your servants to the outbreak. We cannot say to what serious dimensions the fire might have attained and consequent danger to, and possibly loss of, life but for this little animal’s timely warning and under the circumstances which are very unique, we should be happy if you would obtain a silver medal for your dog collar. Bearing an inscription and suitable for the occasion and recording the interesting event, the expense of which we shall be very pleased to meet.”

The medallion on its foot and pedestal is just three inches high, so it’s possible the medal alone was worn by Zulu as a collar ornament, but given how it’s mounted, I suspect it was for his trophy case only.

12th c. bronzes of Hindu deities found in southern India

Medieval

Two 12th century bronzes of Hindu deities from the Chola Empire have been discovered in Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India. They depict the deities Nataraja, the dancing form of Shiva, and Sivakami Amman, a form of the goddess Parvati and consort of Shiva. They are the first example of bronze statues of their kind unearthed in a scientific excavation by the Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology.

The Nataraja is the larger of the two at 110 cm high and 100 cm wide. Shiva has for arms and one leg raised crossed over the over, dancing the Anansa Tandava, the dance of bliss. The right leg is slightly bent and the foot rests on a figure believed to represent ignorance. The Sivakami statue is 82 cm high and 23 cm wide. She stands in an curved posture known as tribhanga, with one arm raised and the opposite leg bent.

The statues were found in August buried together next to their pedestals. Archaeologists dated them to the 12th century based on their design style and bronze craftsmanship.

Bronze sculptures reached a particularly sophisticated level under the Chola rulers. Images of Hindu deities were not simply decorative objects. Many were created for worship and could be carried in religious processions, allowing divine images to move beyond the inner spaces of temples. Whether the newly discovered statues served such a purpose has not yet been established.

Nagapattinam was an important port city during the Chola period, serving as the empire’s primary entry point and exit point for east-bound travel across the Bay of Bengal. In addition to the commercial traffic, the city welcomed religious pilgrims who came to visit the Chudamani Vihara Buddhist monastery and the Soundarajaperumal Temple to Vishnu that is referenced in the Vaishnava canon, holy books written by the Alvars, Tamil poet-saints.

Both bronzes have been transported to Chennai for chemical conservation. Researchers also plan metallurgical analyses to examine the materials used in their manufacture.

Exceptional Roman child’s sarcophagus found with toys inside

Ancient

The 1,800-year-old sarcophagus of a child still sealed with toys inside has been discovered in the ancient city of Tomis, Romania. It was found on the northern edge of the Roman necropolis, an area that was in use in the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.D., and is the first well-preserved sarcophagus of a child discovered at Tomis.

Tomis, modern-day Constanța, was founded in the 6th century B.C. by Greek colonists from Miletus. Its harbor on the Black Sea and a direct inland route linking the sea to the Danube made it an advantageous location for trade, but it didn’t develop into a major city and center of regional commerce until after it was annexed by Rome in 29 B.C. The poet Ovid was banished there by Augustus in 8 A.D. and lamented what a remote backwater it was, but it prospered rapidly as one of Rome’s most important settlements on the Black Sea. It would become the capital of the province of Scythia Minor in the 3rd century.

The sarcophagus was unearthed last week by archaeologists from the Constanța Museum of National History and Archaeology in a preventative excavation before construction. It was small, suited for a child of around four of five, and intact with lead clamps and mortar sealing the lid in place. The entire unit was raised and removed to the museum so it could be opened and its contents examined.

On Tuesday, October 27th, the lid was raised, revealing the skeletal remains of a young child and exceptionally preserved organic remains including an inner wooden coffin, a burial shroud and floral offerings like leaves folded into small bundles. The coffin is so well-preserved its side panels are complete with their dovetail joints. Laid to rest with the baby were several bronze objects, coins and two clay toys: a horse on wheels and a rattle shaped like a rooster. Both toys have painted features and decoration surviving on the surface. The rooster still contains small objects that rattle when you shake it.

The child was wearing bronze bracelets and two bullae pendants on a necklace. Bullae were usually worn by Roman boys, but the sex won’t be determined until the bones are thoroughly examined. The age is also to be determined, as despite the size of the sarcophagus, the rattle suggests a younger child than a four-year-old. The high quality of the sarcophagus and finery it contained indicate the child was from a family of means.